Paleolithic Art of the Old Stone Age

The Paleolithic (literally Old Stone Age) period covered between two and one-half and three million years, depending on which scientist has done the calculations. For art historys purposes, Paleolithic Art refers to the Late Upper Paleolithic period. This began roughly around 40,000 years ago and lasted through the Pleistocene ice age, which ended about 8,000 BCE. This period was marked by the rise of Homo sapiens and their ever-developing ability to create tools and weapons. What the World Was Like There was a lot more ice and the ocean shoreline was far different than it is now. Lower water levels and, in some cases, land bridges (which have long since disappeared) allowed humans to migrate to the Americas and Australia. The ice also made for a cooler climate worldwide and prevented migration to the far north. Humans at this time were strictly hunter-gatherers, meaning they were constantly on the move in search of food. Art of the Time There were only two kinds of art: portable or stationary, and both forms were limited in scope. Portable art during the Upper Paleolithic period was necessarily small (in order to be portable) and consisted of either figurines or decorated objects. These things were carved (from stone, bone, or antler) or modeled with clay. Most of the portable art from this time was figurative, meaning it depicted something recognizable, whether animal or human in form. The figurines are often referred to by the collective name of Venus, as they are unmistakably females of a child-bearing build. Stationary art was just that: It didnt move. The best examples exist in (now famous) cave paintings in western Europe, created during the Paleolithic period. Paints were manufactured from combinations of minerals, ochres, burnt bone meal, and charcoal mixed into mediums of water, blood, animal fats, and tree saps. Experts guess (and its only a guess) that these paintings served some form of ritualistic or magical purpose, as they are located far from the mouths of caves where everyday life took place. Cave paintings contain far more non-figurative art, meaning many elements are symbolic rather than realistic. The clear exception, here, is in the depiction of animals, which are vividly realistic (humans, on the other hand, are either completely absent or stick figures). Key Characteristics It seems a bit flippant to try to characterize the art from a period that encompasses most of human history. Paleolithic art is intricately bound to anthropological and archaeological studies that professionals have devoted entire lives researching and compiling. That said, to make some sweeping generalizations, Paleolithic art: Paleolithic art concerned itself with either food (hunting scenes, animal carvings) or fertility (Venus figurines). Its predominant theme was animals.It is considered to be an attempt, by Stone Age peoples, to gain some sort of control over their environment, whether by magic or ritual.Art from this period represents a giant leap in human cognition: abstract thinking.

Nursing Manager Interview - 649 Words

The Nurse Manager Name here South University The Nurse Manager Responsibilities of nurse manager Nurse mangers is the leader of a specific department or unit of a healthcare facility. The nurse manager is responsible for recruitment and retention of the nursing staff, collaborating with other health care providers on patient care, and assisting patients and their families when needed. The nurse manager works with administration communicating and interpreting the facility’s policies and procedures to the staff. Usually with other departments in the facility, the nurse managers develop quality improvement measures tracking the patient services and care. According to Espinoza et al (2009), the nurse manager plays a pivotal role in†¦show more content†¦During an interview with a nurse manager I asked her the following questions: Identified and described the role of nursing in the healthcare delivery system? â€Å"Nurses are more than caregivers in today’s healthcare settings. They are teachers, advocates and pioneers in improving healthcare. They are stepping out of the old model and taking ownership for changes in healthcare. Nurses are developing their own scientific research programs to improve patient care. They are playing a pivotal role in healthcare reform. Nurses are becoming leaders, not followers in healthcare reform.† How do you deal with cost containment? â€Å"Since we are a small unit composed of mostly RNs, I sit down with my staff and we go over the budget together. It gives the staff a sense of proprietorship. This way I feel we are sharing the responsibilities and it helps them to understand why we cannot afford a piece of equipment at this time. I can usually depend on someone to think out of the box. Once we went â€Å"dumpster diving† for office supplies as one employee suggested. It is actually the hospital’s warehouse for materials nobody wanted. We savaged enough office supplies for the year and was able to purchase a high cost item the unit needed. Plus it was a team building effort.† Conclusion The nursing manager I interviewed was one of the best people I have worked for. It was a pleasure to go work each day. She encouragedShow MoreRelatedNurse Interview Scholarly Paper Criteria1319 Words   |  6 PagesNurse Interview Scholarly Paper Criteria Nursing is a practice of merging art and science together (Wilson, 2005, p. 116). The American Nurses Association (2003) defines nursing as â€Å"the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations† (p. 6). 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Chance and Hot Air Balloons free essay sample

When was the last time you considered the odds of your life panning out in the exact way that it has? Most of the time, the role of chance in our lives goes completely unnoticed, even as it shapes every aspect of our lives and our world. People are hardwired to assign blame or credit to one particular person or event that we think â€Å"caused† something to happen. In reality, causation is not a straight line, leading from one cause to one effect to one aftereffect. It’s more like a huge spider web, with causes influencing many effects and effects further influencing many causes, and once in awhile a big helping of chance is thrown in just to complicate matters more. We would much rather think in straight lines than in spider webs. It’s much easier. But it is immensely important to realize the sheer force of chance in influencing our lives, because it gives us a much deeper appreciation for all the miracles they contain that are so often taken for granted. We will write a custom essay sample on Chance and Hot Air Balloons or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was confronted by an event that left me with an immense appreciation for chance just a few weeks ago. I was working outside on my family’s farm when I saw a hot air balloon rise over the tree line. It began to descend as it passed over the farm and I followed it, wanting to see it land. I was not disappointed. The two pilots managed to first set their basket down in the middle of a line of thirty-foot pine trees, then, after extracting themselves, collide with the side of my neighbor’s house before finally landing in the neighbor’s yard. While I watched this whole odd debacle, I realized how incredibly unlikely it was. Had I been busy that day, as most other days, I would not have been home and would have never realized a balloon had been there. Had the wind blown just slightly differently, the balloon would have avoided its collisions. Had the FAA realized that these particular pilots were so completely inept, they could not have obtained a license to fly the ir balloon in the first place. Had my mother not planted that line of thirty foot pine trees as saplings twenty years previously, or chosen not to water them through the drought that came right away after, the balloon would have had no problem landing in what otherwise was a flat, wide open field. The spider web of all these unlikely circumstances added up to produce one truly odd event, and because I was there to see it, I was reminded of how many unlikely, even miraculous events occur unnoticed every single day in the lives of every single person on the planet. Having an appreciation for such events prevents us from assigning as much undeserved credit and blame and frees us to think about the big picture. Such thinking can only propel ourselves, our society, and, ultimately, our world forwards.

Promoting Equalities and Human Rights †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Promoting Equalities and Human Rights. Answer: Introduction: The first National Womens Health Policy was implemented in Australia in 1989 to address the challenges faced by women in maintaining health. With the complex work demand and life circumstance, maintaining good health has become a serious challenge for women in the 21st Century. The National Womens Health Policy 2010 aimed to provide a strategic 20 year plan to improve health of women particularly those who are at greater risk of poor health. Health challenges like access to health service and disease risk factors are experienced by both men and women, however as women have a higher life expectancy, their burden of chronic disease also increases (Thorogood Crowther 2015). This was main reason for the implementation of Womens Health Policy and planning strategies specifically for the health of women. The report by Martin (2017) also proves that women have higher life expectancy than men as new born girls born in Australia are expected to live for 84.5 years and boys are expected to li ve up to 80.4 years. The patterns of disease and risk factors of disease and ill health also vary in women according to the different age group. This paper particularly provides human rights analysis of the National Womens Health Policy 2010 to find out how policy driven mechanism promoted health and well-being for Australian women. From the Human Right approach, the purpose of a policy is effective if it aims to improve the health of specific target people or seeks to improve outcome in specific health issues. Such policies should be inclusive, recognizing the rights of target group particularly vulnerable groups (Parken 2010). Such specific intended purpose was also present in the National Womens Health Policy 2010 as the policy statement specified the purpose of the policy, which was to improve and promote health and well-being of all Australian women particular those vulnerable to poor health (National Womens Health Policy 2010). The focus and scale of the program is also understood from its dual priorities which is to develop health services and prevention programs targeting chronic health issues which will affect health in the next two years and address health inequities across different social groups. The review of the aim and dual priorities in the policy shows that the policy has wider focus as it aims to transform of health infrastructure both for immediate and future health issues (Lewin et al. 2015). This also shows how decision making occurs during policy making process. The priority of addressing health inequity is also an important focus in the National Womens Health Policy 2010 as certain groups of women face socioeconomic disadvantages, which contribute to health inequity. The difference in lifestyle, employment housing, race and access to health care service particularly increases the likelihood of poor outcomes in specific group of women . For example, the health statistics of aboriginal women living in Australia show geographic difference in determinants of health. The health disparities in women is seen due to the social determinant factor of socioeconomic status, age, disability, employment , ethnicity and geographic location (Eades 2015). For instance, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women have poorer health than indigenous women due to socioeconomic disadvantage, poor housing and poor access to health service. All this translates to high rate of disease incidence, morbidity and mortality and behavioral health issues (Women's Heal th - 2014. 2017). Hence, the aim of the policy from the human rights approach is commendable as it is employing social model of health approach to promote health equity between women. Impact of the policy on health The National Womens Health Policy 2010 is likely to have positive impact on health as it has prioritized key action areas based on evidence-based data. They have identified the health priority areas of preventing chronic disease and promoting mental health and well-being, promoting sexual and reproductive health and healthy ageing. Managing chronic disease is crucial to improving health status (Zwar et al. 2017) The rate of chronic disease in Australian women is high. The policy was implemented in 2010 and at that time cardiovascular disease (CVD) was regarded as a major threat to health of Australian women. CVD lead to more deaths than any other chronic diseases. The risk factors such as lack of physical activity, obesity and poor consumption of fruits and vegetables were also high in females (Women and Heart disease 2017). The National Health Survey report 2010 also shows that 1 in every 2 Australians live with one prominent chronic disease like CDV, cancer, asthma, COPD, diabetes or mental illness. The survey also suggested that addressing behavioral and biomedical risk factor is important to reduce the burden of chronic disease (Department of Health | Chronic Conditions 2017).In accordance with such evidence based data, the National Womens Health Policy 2010 was also found to focus on preventing modifiable risk factors of chronic disease. The policy proposed improving health through gender analysis, education and health service delivery in remote areas. They also focused on preventing obesity, using alcohol and other drug use among women. Hence, use of these strategies suggest that such preventive health measures is likely to improve the health of women in 20 years. Preventing obesity and alcohol usage in women are part of behavioral health promotion and they are likely to give positive results because such health promotion strategies directly address behavior that cause risk to health. Disseminating and giving education to public about health risk factors and benefits associated with positive health behavior can motivate people to modify their behavior and lifestyle (Eldredge et al. 2016). However, one limitation of this approach is that it cannot reduce inequities in health behavior. This is because the policy is for a universal population that includes both people from high and low socioeconomic group. Hence, educational interventions and social marketing campaigns will have little impact on people with poor social and economic resources (Baum Fisher, 2014). They will not be able to modify their health behavior despite knowing about it. This evidence implies that population health outcome is dependent not just on behavioral and biological fa ctors, but also on environmental, cultural, economic and political setting (Berkman, Kawachi, Glymour 2014). Therefore, the National Womens Health Policy 2010 can be considered effective for improving health if it has used broad based approach to consider health impact for women living in poor socioeconomic condition too. However, while evaluating this element in the policy, it has been found that the Australian Government focused on improving social, economic and environmental conditions of women too (National Womens Health Policy 2010). Use of this approach is considered beneficial because it is likely to improve long term health of women too and promote health ageing. The examination of the policy also revealed strategic action areas of improving social determinants of health and priorities women with highest risk of poor health. The policy makers employed life course approach to health, which is a commendable step as it will help to address health issues in women across different stages of life. Evidence also points out that life course approach is essential in preventative as it will support delivering age appropriate interventions which will maximize well-being in them (Halfon et al. 2014). The cost effectiveness of interventions and the policy will depend on the utility of risk assessment and continuity of services for high-risk group. National Womens Health Policy 2010 also validated the purpose of reducing poor health in high-risk women by engaging in consultation with Australian Womens Health Network Talking Circle to find out issues faced by Aboriginal women throughout Australia. As gap in services and health status is severe in this group , the Government prioritized the health of Aborginal and Torres Strait Islander women (National Womens Health Policy 2010). Human right elements affect by the policy The core purpose and intention of the National Womens Health Policy 2010 clearly shows that they are working to address human right element of gender equity and health equity too. For instance, this policy paid special attention to women only because gender and gender relations also had an impact on womens health. Evidence in society proves that gender interacts with social determinants and such social realities shape opportunities for health and vulnerability to illness in women (Krieger 2014). This is also relevant to the United Nations Human Right document for womens rights and gender equality which states that gender equality is the foundation of human right and equal rights of men and women is the core responsibility of all states (OHCHR | Womens Rights and Gender Section (WRGS) 2017). However, the irony is that despite such documents, women still have poor access to housing, property and they face discrimination in life choices further rendering them to vulnerabilities and heal th issues. They often experience conflicting situations because their peace and security is compromised. In response to gender related impact on health of women, the National Womens Health Policy 2010 has taken action in the right area by focusing on providing equal rights to women. Although the core focus of the policy is mainly address and improve health outcome, however social determinant of health influenced the health status too, they aimed to mitigate inequities within the health care and social system too. Hence, this is indicative of the potential to address right of women in society. From a legal perspective too, discriminating against people on the basis of gender, sexuality or marital status is in violation of the law according to the Sex Determination Act 1984. The Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women has played a key role in changing peoples attitude towards women and advancing gender equity in all countries (Thornton 2013). While reviewing Australias progress in gender equity after the implementation of the National Womens Health Policy 2010, it has been found that the improvement is not massive. Women comprise about 46% of the all Australian employees, however there average earning is lower than men. Secondly, women account for 92% primary carer responsibility according to 2013 statistics. While evaluating incidences of sexual harassment at workplace and gender discrimination too, about 50% women has been found to face such issues. However, some positive developments have occurred too. For instance, women are now gettin g protection from domestic violence and men and women contribute equally in parenting responsibilities (Gender Equality | Australian Human Rights Commission. 2017). Hence, it can be said that in the coming years more improvement is likely to be seen because post National Womens Health Policy 2010, the Australian Government is also coming up with new womens health policies and education and training programs for people in different sectors to reduce health risk to women. The policy recognized the restriction of human rights particularly in the areas of disparities in gender equity and health equity for Australian women. As part of the United Nations obligation for gender equity, womens right should not be restricted in areas of life. However, the policy makers of the National Health Policy found that certain sections of women like Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders were not getting equal opportunities both in life as well as access to health services. They were particularly vulnerable to high risk of health issues such as diabetes, kidney problem, cancer, heart disease and much other chronic disease. In all areas, the rate of such disease was high for indigenous group compared to other group because of poor environmental conditions, smoking and exposure to harmful chemicals in workplace (Summary of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health Health facts 2017). Hence, the aboriginal women experienced poorer health than other women mainly due to their life circumstances. Racism, marginalization, exposure to violence and limited access to health services deteriorated their health. They also had a greater responsibility in looking after the health of their family members. The age at death for indigenous females was also very low ranging from 50.3 years to 66.2 years (Summary of Indigenous women's health 2017). The Australian government advocated for the health of indigenous women as the National Womens Health Policy prioritized health of the aboriginal women. The report regarding health disparities in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders women mainly suggested that health status of indigenous women can be improved by reducing health risk factors and improving prevention and early detection of disease in this group. Secondly, to improved health outcomes, focusing on their culture and life experience was also important (Campbell et al. 2017).. The National Womens Health Policy also took similar measures to promote health equity in aboriginal women. For example, after consulting with the Aboriginal women Talking circle, they looked at addressing gaps and barrier to health services and delivering holistic strategies to improve the health status of indigenous women. The Australian Government also emphasized on funding because to reach out to indigenous women, huge reorientation in health service delivery was required. Secondly, strategic measures were also taken to mitigate barrier to delivering health message of women. As language was the m ain barrier to health education, alternative forms of communication and cultural competency skills training were extended to health care staffs (Truong, Paradies Priest 2014). The key strength of the plicy is that it took action i(n all areas not just health service, but also for the nutritional needs, physical activity, alcohol consumption, mental health and pregnant women too (National Womens Health Policy 2010). This is the core strength of the policy that comprehensive action was taken for women who were at severe risk to health issues. Meeting the criteria to restrict rights There are many criteria that justified the restriction of human rights groups of people in the community. In case of Australian women, the provision was not to restrict right but to provide all rights to women. However, the policy identified indigenous women were restricted from basic human rights and all actions were taken by the government to promote gender and health equity for all women in Australia (Wronka 2016). The policy targeted holistic approach to well being of all women and it encompassed action across area of womens lifespan. It empowered women to become better decision makers by raising health awareness campaigns. All issues of importance in womens health was covered in the policy. This included range of health areas such as reproductive healthy and sexuality, health of ageing women, emotional and mental health, occupational health and safety, health needs of women cares, violence and sex role stereotyping (National Womens Health Policy 2010). As the country move toward s ageing population, commendable actions were taken to promote health ageing in women Dobson et al. 2015). For instance, all support mechanism were directed to provide counseling, ambulation and incontinence support to elderly and fulfill their nutritional needs (Kendig et al. 2014). Health lifestyle teaching and program to promote physical activity were also implemented. The main challenge in implementing the plans of the National Womens health policy was that it required reorientation and restructuring the entire health care system. This meant changing not only the process of care but also health care professionals attitude towards delivering care (Raman et al., 2017). Hence, the Government had a massive task in hand. They had to modify the health infrastructure and process of health care delivery too. The review of the policy document also revealed working mainly for the health improvement of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. As they belong to culturally diverse group, the main action that was required was to modify the health care system to embrace cultural sensitivity in care. The policy statement mentioned that health issues and experience of women may differ according to their culture and religious views too (National Womens health policy 2010). Hence, in such situation, developing culturally sensitive care was the most importan t priority to promote participation of women in health improvement. Since, the implementation of the National Womens policy, Australia has witnessed massive changes in the delivery of care. Health care system has been developed and minimum standards of language and culture has been maintained. The cultural competency documents and programs have also been implemented to promote health of women (Clifford et al., 2015). As the National womens health policy aimed to achieve improvements in health within 20 years time frame, appropriate monitoring and evaluation system was also present to check the progress of the policy compare to key goals and priorities. For instance, all interventions and their outcome were evaluated and accurate and comprehensive data were collected to see treatment response and progress made in women health. Research work were also collected to understand the challenges in the process, and bring improvement in existing health promotion methods. It was also planned to give annual report to the Australian Health Ministers Conference to see whether the policy was successful in improving womens health and protecting their right or not (Women's Health 2014 2017).Current, many progress has been seen in identify and responding to the needs of particular groups of women, however lot more things and approaches is required to completely eliminate health disparities (Freeman et al. 2014). In different areas such as ageing or mental health service, the policy proposed reporting to the Department of Health and Ageing about progress of womens health. Conclusion: The review and analysis of the National Womens health policy 2010 summarized the key goals and intentions of the policy. By prioritizing womens health issue and looking to improve the health of indigenous women, the policy reflected use of human rights approach too. This is because the policy recognized the right of women to be treated equally and pledged for both gender and health equity in Australian women. The policy led to the implementation of many policies, health promotion programs and interventions for protecting the health of Australian women. The improvement in lives of indigenous women was also seen with better provisions for health care service and development of culturally competent health care. Reference Baum, F., Fisher, M. 2014, Why behavioural health promotion endures despite its failure to reduce health inequities,Sociology of health illness,36(2), 213-22- Journal article Berkman, L. F., Kawachi, I., Glymour, M. M. (Eds.). 2014), Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press- Book Campbell, S., Roux, N., Preece, C., Rafter, E., Davis, B., Mein, J., ... Chamberlain, C. 2017, Paths to improving care of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women following gestational diabetes.Primary Health Care Research Development, 1-14- Journal article Clifford, A., McCalman, J., Bainbridge, R., Tsey, K. (2015). Interventions to improve cultural competency in health care for Indigenous peoples of Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the USA: a systematic review.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,27(2), 89-98-Journal article Department of Health | Chronic Conditions. 2017, Health.gov.au. , Retrieved 29 September 2017, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/chronic-disease -Website Dobson, A. J., Hockey, R., Brown, W. J., Byles, J. E., Loxton, D. J., McLaughlin, D., ... Mishra, G. D. (2015). Cohort profile update: Australian longitudinal study on womens health.International Journal of Epidemiology,44(5), 1547-1547f- Journal article Eades, S., 2015, Recent Research Addressing Health Inequalities among Australias Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, International Journal of Epidemiology,44(suppl 1), pp.i33-i33- Journal article Eldredge, L. K. B., Markham, C. M., Ruiter, R. A., Kok, G., Parcel, G. S. 2016, Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach, John Wiley Sons- Book Freeman, T., Edwards, T., Baum, F., Lawless, A., Jolley, G., Javanparast, S., Francis, T. 2014, Cultural respect strategies in Australian Aboriginal primary health care services: beyond education and training of practitioners, Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,38(4), 355-361- Journal article Gender Equality | Australian Human Rights Commission. 2017,Humanrights.gov.au. Retrieved 1 October 2017, from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/education/face-facts/face-facts-gender-equality -Website Halfon, N., Larson, K., Lu, M., Tullis, E., Russ, S. (2014). Lifecourse health development: past, present and future.Maternal and child health journal,18(2), 344-365- Journal article Kendig, H., Browning, C. J., Thomas, S. A., Wells, Y. 2014, Health, lifestyle, and gender influences on aging well: an Australian longitudinal analysis to guide health promotion, Frontiers in public health,2- Journal article Krieger, N. 2014. Discrimination and health inequities.International Journal of Health Services,44(4), 643-710- Journal article Lewin, S., Glenton, C., Munthe-Kaas, H., Carlsen, B., Colvin, C. J., Glmezoglu, M., ... Rashidian, A. 2015, Using qualitative evidence in decision making for health and social interventions: an approach to assess confidence in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses (GRADE-CERQual), PLoS Medicine,12(10), e1001895- Journal article Martin, P. 2017,Australian life expectancy hits all-time high.The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 29 September 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/australian-life-expectancy-hits-alltime-high-20161027-gsccau.html - Website National Womens Health Policy 2010, www.health.gov.au., Retrieved 29 September 2017, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/3BC776B3C331D5EECA257BF0001A8D46/$File/NWHP.pdf -Website OHCHR | Womens Rights and Gender Section (WRGS). 2017.Ohchr.org. Retrieved 29 September 2017, from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Women/WRGS/Pages/WRGSIndex.aspx -Website Parken, A. 2010, A multi-strand approach to promoting equalities and human rights in policy making, Policy Politics,38(1), 79-99- Book Raman, S., Ruston, S., Irwin, S., Tran, P., Hotton, P., Thorne, S. 2017, Taking culture seriously: Can we improve the developmental health and well?being of Australian Aboriginal children in out?of?home care?.Child: Care, Health and Development- Journal article Summary of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health Health facts Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. 2017,Healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au. Retrieved 1 October 2017, from https://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/health-facts/summary -Website Summary of Indigenous women's health. 2017, Retrieved 1 October 2017, from https://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/population-groups/women/reviews/our-review - Website Thornton, M. 2013, Sex Discrimination in Uncertain Times(p. 379), ANU Press- Book Thorogood, C., Crowther, S. 2015, Challenges to womens health, Midwifery-E-Book: Preparation for Practice, 157- Book Truong, M., Paradies, Y., Priest, N. 2014, Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare: a systematic review of reviews, BMC health services research,14(1), 99- Journal article Women and Heart disease. 2017,Aihw.gov.au., Retrieved 29 September 2017, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/8e081f99-f5cf-444b-8262-d263d2f6583a/10748.pdf.aspx?inline=true -Website Women's Health - 2014. 2017, Australian Medical Association, Retrieved 29 September 2017, from https://ama.com.au/position-statement/womens-health-2014 -Website Wronka, J. 2016,Human rights and social justice: Social action and service for the helping and health professions, Sage Publications- Book Zwar, N., Harris, M., Griffiths, R., Roland, M., Dennis, S., Powell Davies, G., Hasan, I. 2017, A systematic review of chronic disease management- Journal article

The Cloning War Moral Or Immoral Essays - Cloning, Genetics

The Cloning War: Moral Or Immoral? The Cloning War: Moral or Immoral? Outside the lab where the cloning had actually taken place, most of us thought it could never happen. Oh we would say that perhaps at some point in the distant future, cloning might become feasible through the use of sophisticated biotechnologies far beyond those available to us now. But what we really believed, deep in our hearts, was that this was one biological feat we could never master. -Dr. Lee M. Silver, 1997 With every revolution, there must be conflict. When the great thinkers of the past decided the earth was round, or that the planets revolved around the sun, their revolution caused excommunication. When Americans rebelled against the mother country, their revolution caused a war. However, if not for the great thinkers, the revolutionists, and the science explorers, everyone would be sailing off the edge of the planet, believing to be scientific fact that Earth was the center of the universe, and America would be under steady oppression from Europe. On February 23, 1997, Doctor Ian Wilmut successfully cloned the world's first mammal, giving the world a harsh wake-up call to the state of its technology. The implications of an effective somatic cell nuclear transfer in mammals are tremendous. The use of cloning for research purposes could yield fixes for aging and heart problems; new organs for patients in need of transplants; increased reliability of plastic, reconstructive, and cosmetic surgery; the extinction of Down's syndrome and Tay-Sachs disease; and the cure for cancer (Human). The applications of the research of cell development are already witnessed in the invention of fabricated skin, cartilage, bone, and ligament and tendons. In fact, cloning is only a result of many years of research. In 1965, Dr. Marshall R. Urist of the University of California discovered that powdered bone, when combined with the isolated bone morphogenetic proteins and DNA sequences, would create new bone when placed in a bone fracture (?Tissue?, 47). However, fears of this new procedure are certainly well justified. A cloned child, for instance, would lose all sense of individuality, and the potential harm (which first must be downsized to an acceptable degree before full production could commence), at this point, greatly outweighs the beneficial yields (United, 66,65). Plus, given the option to choose features in a prospective clone child, or ?designer child?, procreating would be more feasibly compared with car shopping than reproduction (Silver, 227). These factors contribute to the controversial issue of morality. A broad subject filled with gray matter, the decision of whether or not something is moral is spawned from religious thought, ethical concerns, and the comparison of the gains of a procedure to the costs. Facts must be gathered from the word of God, from logical reasoning, and from scientific inquiry. When all the data is gathered, the question of morality is answered with a definitively negative response. Cloning is a procedure that is definitely not moral due to its possible harm to child and parents; its religious implications; and its unfavorable ratio of harm to good. It is important to realize that the process of cloning that produced Dolly the sheep is a brand-new science that has only been successfully performed a small number of times. The actual process involves removing the nucleus of an ovum and replacing it with an epithelial cell, or a cell with the basic number of chromosomes doubled (?Cloning?, 677). However, this nuclear transfer has the potential for serious physical and psychological harms to all involved in the procedure, and when such harms exist, rarely are any procedures performed on humans without extensive animal research. In all actuality, even if there were a convincing reason to perform this procedure on human beings, it would have to fall under one strict criteria that morals and medical ethics alike consider to be impenetrable: the slogan ?to first do no harm? (United, 65). It should be noted that the somatic cell nuclear transfer that produced Dolly was successful in only one out of 277 attempts. If the same procedure was endeavored in humans, the requirements could be devastating to the potential mother. To start, the doctor would have to provide much hormonal manipulation in order to allow the procedure

A Choice of Life and the Price of Being Different

A Choice of Life and the Price of Being Different The society influences an individual to do what it expects them to do. Societal rules and regulations are to be followed by an individual irrespective of his or her social status. It is not surprising that each category of individuals have specific mode of dressing, roles to play, ways of behaving and certain expectations. The society imposes stricter sanctions to non-conformers, which include discrimination and banishment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Choice of Life and the Price of Being Different specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such rules are usually enforced by the society through various agencies such as Criminal Justice systems, which include the police, court system and correction institutions. Non-conformers are punished according to the severity of offenses. Youths are expected to be hardworking in order to achieve their dreams while women are supposed to learn the ideals of motherhood since childhood. From a personal perspective, the society demands too much from individuals without caring about their welfares. The society is much concerned about the welfare of all members. This implies that individuals are just parts that make up the whole. The society derives its rules and principles from religious writings. This implies that philosophies differ from one society to another. It is therefore true that Islamic societies differ from Christian dominated societies. For instance, religion decries that the only acceptable form of marriage is between a man and a woman. It follows naturally that all religions have some similarities, although differences exist. Through creation theory, religion establishes that man represent masculinity while a woman connotes femininity. Gender determines the position and role of an individual in society. It is unacceptable for a woman to disguise as a man while the reverse is also true. Through movies, that is Fire, boys do not cry, is it a boy or girl and Guess who is coming finer, it is established that the society is still traditional. Some people claim that we live in a post-modern society but that is not true. Movies reveal that the society is still conservative meaning that we assign roles based on gender. It is evident that each generation has some form of gender disparity. What changes is only the form. This implies that the society is not ready to embrace gender equality. Men still subjugate and oppress women. Political and economic power is concentrated in the hands of men. Women are awarded degrading roles such as secretary and motherhood. Domination and suppression of women have changed its form from the chains of iron to the chains of Gold.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Economically, women are likened to the proletariat, who produce goods they that they do not consume. Women cannot liberate themselves becau se they do not have the means and power. They are only allowed to participate in activities that do not contradict the interests and wishes of men. Hobbes argued that an individual gave up his right to a common authority in order to restore constancy and normalcy in society. Life was short lived and brutal. People could solve conflicts through fighting because the situation could not allow peaceful resolution of conflicts. Hobbes argued that men decided to surrender their sovereignty to a universal entity referred to as a Leviathan. The Leviathan could ensure that each person’s interests and wishes are taken care of. All forms of injustices characterized the state of nature. The common authority could guarantee peace. This implies that an individual must obey societal rules and regulations if he/she is to avoid previous conditions found in the state of nature. The rules control strong individuals from injuring the weaker in society. Rousseau observed that the rules are very i mportant in safeguarding societal peace. Without the rules, the society could lose its meaning. Martin Luther king had an issue with the social contract’s postulations claiming that obeying such rules depended on the nature of existing laws. Rules are only observed if they add value to human life. Oppressive rules and regulations should be avoided at all costs meaning that individuals are only encouraged to subscribe to regulations that add value to their lives. Laws isolating people based on sexual orientation and race should not exist. All people are the same and are supposed to exist freely in society. Skin color and physical appearance should never be used to discriminate some members of society. Charles Mills refuses to endorse the findings of the social contract, terming it a racial contract because it discriminates people of color. He views the theory as an avenue used by the whites and the rich to dominate others in society. John Stuart Mill describes freedom as indep endence from the tyranny of the majority.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Choice of Life and the Price of Being Different specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He views collectivity as a tyranny of the multitude. In this regard, each person has the right to do what he/she desires. In his view, the society only intervenes to protect the weak but not to impose rules to everyone. Devlin reviewed the works of Mill by noting that every society should have its own morality. This is because morality unifies people. People sharing a culture can easily reach at Consensus pertaining to thorny issues.

Compare Article 5-109 (a) of the ( Amercian) Uniform Commercial Code Essay - 1

Compare Article 5-109 (a) of the ( Amercian) Uniform Commercial Code with the approach under english, the full question is in the attachment - Essay Example This also stands to be true in a scenario when the transaction being backed by a letter of credit does not actually take place. On the one side, the letters of credit extend to the sellers the assurance of a guaranteed payment, while on the other side they safeguard the interests of the buyers by necessitating the presentation of the right documents that to a large extent ensure performance. Such documents may be the like of insurance forms, transportation documents and quality related certificates. The underlying dogma supporting the autonomy principles associated with letters of credit is that the transaction backed by a letter of credit stands to be autonomous of the sales deed formalized by the buyer and the beneficiary. To put it simply, the two essentially contractual arrangements mentioned above are regarded as being independent of each other. In other words, the utility of a letters of credit is pragmatically solemnized by the severance of services and documents. It is this principle that is the legal ground on the basis of which banks agree to such transactions. As already mentioned, a letter of credit is the legal and financial instrument, which extends to the beneficiary the security of getting the payment due to one. Yet, this bolstering of security to the beneficiary in a way dilutes the security against risk or loss to the account party. Thus, in the letters of credit, the balance of risk is tilted more in favour of the seller. Though the autonomy principle practically assures the expected commercial results in business transactions, this principle stands to be defective and inequitable when the underlying transaction is vitiated by a fraud. Under such circumstances, the autonomy principle gets limited by the fraud exception. In the United States, in Maurice O’Meara Co v National Park Bank, the court of law simply denied the possibility of invoking a fraud exception.

Cold War Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cold War - Assignment Example hereas Nixon’s administration seemed to continue this legacy of Truman’s anticommunist, he had eased out the tension with the communist block after becoming president in the 1960s although this rendered him to appear to be timid and indecisive (Johnson & Parta,2010). For the eight years that Truman was in office he won the war and brought peace to the world and created and maintained a foreign policy that managed to prevent the spread of communalism to the world. On the other hand Nixon envisioned a phase in which more cordial and relaxed relations among major world powers which would allow for ventures profitable to all (Johnson & Parta, 2010). Cold war greatly influenced many aspects of American society cutting across social, cultural life and civil rights movements. It led to litany of movies that were meant to promote patriotism, brought about racial inequality, establishment of fair employment commissions. Indeed this war left a great mark majorly on movies, art, poetry and sports. Cultural exchanges both formal and informal were common to help iron out cold war

Abstract Legal Drinking Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Abstract Legal Drinking Age - Essay Example Though the legal drinking age varies from country to country it is stressed by MLDA in the USA that as many as possible under 21 people should be restricted to purchase alcohol openly as 18-year-olds do not happen to be mature enough to make proper decisions amidst situations when things may get wayward due to alcoholic influence. The age 21 law is the reason why fewer car accidents due to alcoholic influence occur in America as compared to the European world. While it is claimed that MLDA should not be set at 18 because such action could greatly aggravate the harmful consequences for the society, the opponents of the age 21 law argue that a higher MLDA is only empty mockery because not only it is not associated with a decreased number of highway care accidents and reckless endangerment incidents involving the youth, but also it encourages the immature youngsters to pursue wrong paths to do exactly what they are stopped from by the law. This essay attempts at reviewing what the liter ature has to say on the issue of lowering MLDA as a way of evaluating if the arguments in favor of lowering it actually happen to be as compelling and credible as those against it. It also aims at contemplating basic history related to MLDA as a way of illuminating exactly when and why this issue started to be taken seriously at the official level.     Ã‚  

General Information And The History Of Beer

General Information And The History Of Beer Beer is the oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drink in whole world and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. Beer is produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches, mostly produced from cereal grains and usually malted barley, and also wheat, corn wheat and rice may be used as well. Almost all beers are flavored with hops. Hops are also used to add bitterness to the beer and be as a natural preservative. Although there are deferent beers with flavored with herbs or fruit smell. Beer has appeared between 9,000 and 14,000 years ago, being as old as the civilization. Beer is one of the oldest products of civilization, and may even have been a stepping-stone to the invention of leavened bread. The grain, from which beer is made, was the first domesticated crop that started the process of farming during the nomadic times. By that time the beer was cloudy and not filtered, and people were using à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾drinking straws when drinking beer, in order to avoid brewing residue in the mouth (Wikipedia, 2011). In ancient times beer was mostly used as barter, instead of being sold and a Babylonian King had even introduced a daily norm of beer per day. A normal worker received 2 liters, civil servants 3 liters, administrators and high priests 5 liters of beer per day. The Egyptians also have taken part in the history of beer brewing. They have been experimenting with unbaked bread dough and were improving the taste of beer. Beer is an especially important drink in countries such as Belgium, Germany, Ireland , and the UK, with nations such as France, the Scandinavian countries, the Czech Republic, and others having strong and unique brewing traditions with their own history, characteristic brewing methods, and styles of beer producing. RELATION BETWEEN GERMANY AND BREWING The most widely known event in the history of brewing is the establishment of standards for brewers by the Germans. They decided that to the production of beer, only four ingredients should be used: water, malted barley, malted wheat and hops. It is emphasize that beer was for the first time brewed on German soil. Germans brewed beer not just for God sacrifices, but also for their own enjoyment. Germans started to open even brewery family businesses. Beer is in Germany a major part of their national culture. Germany has more breweries than in any other country. There are almost 1,300 businesses producing beer. Figure 1 German Beer Statistics % Age of European Production: 26.5% Total beer consumption: 107,800,000 hectoliter Consumption per head: 131.7 l Number of breweries: 1294 Beer exports: 8,539,000 hectoliter Beer imports: 2,168,000 hectoliter Draught beer percentage: 22% Notes: The only countries with which Germany has a trade deficit in beer are Belgium, the Czech Republic and Mexico. MARKET STRUCTURE On the one hand, Germans are beer drinking nation. Their consumption per/capita is almost 60% higher than the western European average consumption and the beer market from Germany is still the largest in the world. Even if there are 1,300 breweries in Germany, therefore Germanys beer market is highly competitive. Their output is only around a third of the whole beer production in EU. On the other hand German consumers started to move away from the alcoholic drinks, the desire of a healthier way of leaving is rising, and German is tend to consume more mineral water, juice and coffee. The result of this is 7% drop in the beer consumption in Germany since 1998. Even though Bavarian-style beer continued to grow, and beer-based mixed continue to have high demand. Young generations of consumers are trying to discover new and different types of drinks, such as beer mixed with lemon-lime soda or cola etc. Imported beer is account only 5, 9% of the total beer consumption in Germany. This is due to the fact that domestic breweries created a strong preference among the consumers. The import share remains more or less constant in spite of several major international breweries that previously sold their products through exports now producing under license in Germany. Pils is the dominant segment in Germany with a market share of some 60% in total. In addition, there are a number of special German beer types such as Weizen, Alt and Kà ¶lsch. EVALUATION OF MAJOR BREWERY COMPANIES IN GERMANY BECKS BREWERY is a brewing company in the north part of Germany, in city of Bremen, since 1873. Becks was first owned by a local family, and later it was sold to InterBrew. Becks beer is famous of it quality and world-wide known brand, drunk by millions of consumers every year and is ranking number 5 among the most selling beers in Germany. By exported volume, Becks is on the first place among German Beers, and it is sold in more than 100 countries in the world. The largest markets for Becks outside Germany are the United Kingdom, the USA, the Ukraine, Australia, Italy, Romania, and Russia (Brauerei Beck Co, 2011). Products of Becks Brewery Becks the main brand, a pilsner Becks Blue (Alcohol Free) Becks Premier Light Becks Gold Becks Green Lemon Becks Green Lemon Alcohol Free Becks Chilled Orange Becks Level 7 Becks Ice Becks NEXT Becks Dark Becks Oktoberfest Becks VIER Becks Brewery is an attraction of the city, because the company organizes tours in the inside the brewery and gives sample of finished products and afterwards visitors can enjoy food at the Becks cafà ©, or browsing for beer-related souvenirs. Besides the organizing tours, the company also uses other ways to advertise its products. The sponsor various sport events, festivals and have more advertisements on TV and magazines. OETTINGER BREWERY is the best selling beer brand in Germany since 2004 with an output of almost 6.61 million hectoliters sold annually. Moreover a big factor that contributes to this big amount of sales is the low-price strategy. Oettinger appeared in the market, by using a gap from it industry. The brewery started to sell cheap beer in big volumes, so that people would afford it and would have a beer they just wanted for the lowest price and relatively good quality. In order to avoid competition, Oettinger bought the beer brand 5.0 Original and the corresponding brewery in Braunschweig. Braunschweig was his competitor, a brewery from the same segment of market (The Oettinger Group, 2011). Oettinger uses different ways to maintain the beer price as low as possible: No advertisement and promo campaigns. Concentrating only one the one brand, compared to other breweries which have twenty and same times even more brands. Direct delivery from brewery to stores, no intermediaries. The brewing process is highly automated only few employees are needed for production. PORTER 5 FORCES ANALYSIS Force 1: Supplier power Suppliers have small bargaining power in the brewing business, which works in technique brewers goodwill. There are a lot manufacturers and suppliers who provide brewing equipment. Brewers can also buy used or refurbished already existing equipment. Many of the companies that supply brewing equipment do not focus just on that area, they also offer other products and services and the brewing equipment is just one phase of their operation. Supplier concentration is low, which can possibly increase the sustainable profits. As far as supplier substitutes, the ingredients that go into the brewing of beer cannot be replaced. Those ingredients are necessary for the production. Brewing must have malt, hops, barley, yeast, and water. The beer brewing industry relies heavily on supplier input. Especially the ingredients that are in beer, consequently the suppliers are in constant need to keep this industry operational. Which means there is a threat of supplying integration; the larger brewing companies produce enough capital to possibly buy plots of land to grow their own malt, hops, or barley (Beer Brewers Industry Analysis, 2008). Force 2: Buyer power The main buyers of beer in the brewing industry are distributors. There are over 1,900 beer distributors nationwide servicing approximately 320,000 retail businesses. Bargaining power of buyers increase when: there are few distributors in the market; the distribution industry is increasing very fast than the manufacturers industry; and when new competition cannot emerge. The distributors are the ones with all the connections to the consumers retailers, thus the distributor control the prices based on what income margins they require. The distributors are consolidating and increasing in power. Moreover, distributors are limiting new competition. So, overall the Porters force of Buyer Power is a negative for the Beer Brewing Industry (Beer Brewers Industry Analysis, 2008). Force 3: Substitutes Figure 2 Beverage Consumption Category % Of Beverage Consumption Soft drinks 49.0% Beer 19.4% Fruit beverages 13.2% Bottled water 12.2% Sports drinks 1.8% Wine 1.7% Rtd tea 1.6% Spirits 1.1% Total beverages 100.0% Beer has a lot of substitutes as you can see from Figure 2 some of them are wine, spirits, wine cooler, and specialty drinks. But also soft drinks, water, fruit juices, tea, and sports drinks may be considered as its substitutes. According to the figures from the Beverage World Publications Group, Beer constitutes for 19.4% and soft drinks account for 49.0%. This makes beer consumed more than bottled water, fruit juices, sports drinks, wine, spirits and tea. These factors increase the threat of substitute goods for the beer industry, which has a negative effect on industry profits (Beer Brewers Industry Analysis, 2008). Force 4: Rivalry Rivalry is the extent to which companies compete with one another for customers. Rivalry can be price-based or non price-based (Michael Porters Five Forces, 2009) Rivalry is measured by the concentration level of the industry; the more concentrated the industry, the less rivalry. Other factors that increase rivalry are large capital asset requirements and high switching costs. This industry is experiencing significant concentration effects, which decreases rivalry. Also, there are significant barriers to exit, which increases rivalry. The proposed joint venture MillerCoors would act to decrease rivalry overall. Therefore, the overall effect of rivalry on this industry is neutral (Beer Brewers Industry Analysis, 2008). Force 5: Entry Barriers In the Germany beer brewing industry there are a substantial amount of entry barriers that protect the firms currently in the industry from the new entrants. Price competition combined with increasing vertical integration and the inherent production economy of the market leaders makes it very difficult for an inefficient major brewer to compete on a national scale. (CNBC, 2011 Liquor Sales Slow Along With Econom) Overall the German brewing industry faces a large amount of barriers to entry as there are economies of scale, brand loyalty and large capital requirements, product differentiation effects, possibly limited access to distribution channels, and large amount of government regulations. All of these factors reduce the threat of entry into the national beer brewing industry which in turn raises the industrys potential for sustained profits (Beer Brewers Industry Analysis, 2008). 5 FORCE SUMMARIES Force Key Drivers Effect on Industry Profit Bargaining Power of Suppliers Small suppliers relative to brewers + Bargaining Power of Buyers Consolidation of industry; distribution connected to retailers Substitutes Growing substitute industry; low switching cost Rivalry High concentration; high innovation Entry Barriers High capital requirements, economies of scale, closed distribution channels, high government regulation. + Conclusion In conclusion I would like to emphasize that beer market in Germany is very product differentiated and diverse. The competition forces are high and in parallel, customers have different offers from what to choose. Germany is the biggest exporter of beer in the world and has the most breweries. Beer has various substitutes, even though it is on the second place among other drinks. Each brewery is trying to gain competitive advantage. Oettinger lowers the prices and Becks uses more advertising channels.

The Purpose of Dreaming While Asleep Essay -- Neurology Sleep

Dreams are a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. In our dreams we can portray ourselves as anything, we can go anywhere and do anything. There are many types of dreaming methods such as, daydreams, recurring dreams, nightmares, epic dreams, prophetic dreams, and lucid dreams and so on. You spend six years of your life dreaming. There are five reasons why we dream: so we can satisfy our wishes, to file away memories, to develop and preserve neural pathways, to make sense of neural static, and to reflect cognitive development. We satisfy our wishes through dreaming. Dreams present a psychic protection valve that releases otherwise unacceptable feelings. If dreams are symbolic they could be understood any way you wish while on the other hand, others state dreams hide nothing. While you dream you file away your important memories and new skills. You also dispose useless information from your day. Sleep deprivation has affected many people and have resulted in impaired speech, memory lost, and problem solving skills. If you don’t get decent night of sleep after you learn new materials, you won’t incorporate it efficiently into your memories. We dream to develop and preserve neural pathways. A neural pathway attaches one part of the nervous system with another and typically consisted of bundles of elongated myelin-insulated neurons. A number of researchers hypothesized that dreams may also serve a physiological meaning. There was a possibility that the brain activity connected with rapid eye movements (REM) sleep presents the sleeping brain with interrupted motivation. We dream to make sense of neural static. Other assumptions suggest that dreams go off from neural ... ... to be with his significant other, Sofia. Dreaming is a complicated instrument used by the best of our civilization to make themselves and this world a better place. To dream is a powerful method. Visions and thoughts come from your dreams. Novelists, writers and poets make their dreams into stories. Artists and musicians discover dreams for their motivations. Dreams assist us to discover answers to our everyday dilemmas and view things from a different viewpoint. References Myers, D. G. (2004). Exploring psychology Dreams, New York: Worth Publishers. Lucid dreaming. (1994). In lucidity Institute. Retrieved November 10, 2010, from Lucidity Institute: http://www.lucidity.com/LucidDreamingFAQ2.html#LD Dreaming. (1994). In Dream Information. Retrieved November 12, 2010, from Lucidity Dream Moods INC.: http://www.dreammoods.com/dreaminformation/

Dove: Advertising and Body Odor

When considering the product Dove it is a deodorant which gives extra protection for people who have body odor and it helps when a person needs it to protect from getting body odor, therefore Dove deodorant won't make the move, the tag line that Unilever use for Dove will be used by unity Consultant to promote the product by using a new promotional campaign. Basically Dove has wide range of antiperspirant deodorants to protect people from getting body odor and it gives 24 hours protection, further, it gives physically freshness and mentally confident, even in the toughest moments. . 1 Target Market The promotional campaigns of Dove was mainly focused on it’s primary consumers who were young adult females involved in sports, and of course the working population of women and not-working women 16-45 who want to stay fresh and have an active life style and have the confidence to spend the rest of the day without having to worry about body odor. . 4. 2 Communication Objectives â₠¬ ¢Increase Dove brands market share by 10% within one year. Create awareness among the target group within one year to 30%. †¢Create positive feelings about the brand among 30% and preference among 15% of the target audience. †¢Communicate key benefits of the Dove deodorant that appeal to the target market. (www. uniliversrilanka. lk) 4. 3 Campaign Idea †¢ Increase brand awareness. †¢ Build brand image. †¢ Increase customer traffic. †¢ Increase inquiries from end users. †¢ Provide information Increasing consumption of an established brand They followed IMC tools as follows, 4. 4 Advertising The main objective in advertising this was to create awareness and provide information about Dove and to make Dove the best product in the deodorant industry. Every major medium had been used to deliver these messages, including television, radio, magazines, newspapers, the Internet, carrier bags and billboards.

Definition and Examples of Language Standardization

Definition and Examples of Language Standardization Language standardization is the process by which conventional forms of a language are established and maintained. Standardization may occur as a natural development of a language in a speech community or as an effort by members of a community to impose one dialect or variety as a standard. The term re-standardization refers to the ways in which a language may be reshaped by its speakers and writers. Observation The interaction of power, language, and reflections on language inextricably bound up with one another in human history, largely defines language standardization. Is Standardization Necessary? English, of course, developed a standard variety by relatively natural means, over the centuries, out of a kind of consensus, due to various social factors. For many newer countries, though, the development of a standard language has had to take place fairly rapidly, and government intervention has therefore been necessary. Standardization, it is argued, is necessary in order to facilitate communications, to make possible the establishment of an agreed orthography, and to provide a uniform form for school books. (It is, of course, an open question as to how much, if any, standardization is really required. It can be argued quite reasonably that there is no real point in standardizing to the extent where, as is often the case in English-speaking communities, children spend many hours learning to spell in an exactly uniform manner, where any spelling mistake is the subject of opprobrium or ridicule, and where derivations from the standard are interpreted as incontrovertible evidence of ignorance.) An Example of Standardization and Divergence: Latin For one important example of the push/pull between divergence and standardizationand between vernacular language and writingIll summarize the Literacy Story... about Charlemagne, Alcuin, and Latin. Latin didnt diverge much till the end of the Roman empire in the fifth century, but then as it lived on as the spoken language throughout Europe, it began to diverge somewhat into multiple Latins. But when Charlemagne conquered his huge kingdom in 800, he brought in Alcuin from England. Alcuin brought in good Latin because it came from books; it didnt have all the problems that came from a language being spoken as a native tongue. Charlemagne mandated it for his whole empire. The Creation and Enforcement of Language Standards ï » ¿Standardization is concerned with linguistic forms (corpus planning, i.e. selection and codification) as well as the social and communicative functions of language (status planning, i.e. implementation and elaboration). In addition, standard languages are also discursive projects, and standardization processes are typically accompanied by the development of specific discourse practices. These discourses emphasize the desirability of uniformity and correctness in language use, the primacy of writing and the very idea of a national language as the only legitimate language of the speech community... Sources John E. Joseph, 1987; quoted by Darren Paffey in Globalizing Standard Spanish.  Language Ideologies and Media Discourse: Texts, Practices, Politics, ed. by Sally Johnson and Tommaso M. Milani. Continuum, 2010 Peter Trudgill,  Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th ed. Penguin, 2000 (Peter Elbow,  Vernacular Eloquence: What Speech Can Bring to Writing. Oxford University Press, 2012 Ana Deumert,  Language  Standardization, and Language Change: The Dynamics of Cape Dutch. John Benjamins, 2004

The Great ha-jin essays

The Great ha-jin essays Ha Jin has written many unique stories that have influenced a large number of readers. One of his more popular stories, The Bridegroom dealt with the controversial topic of homosexuality and how we, as humans, should deal with this important issue. Jins short stories, The Bridegroom were published in 2000 (Weich). There are twelve short stories in The Bridegroom and three of them were selected for The Best American Short Stories (Thomas). In the title story, he writes about the authors adopted daughter who gets married to a handsome guy but he turns out to be a homosexual (Jin). The Bridegroom is an interesting story because it keeps the reader wondering what will happen at the end of the story. Claire Messud of The New York Times believes that this story was a great pleasure. She also believes that Ha Jin has an excellent storytelling talent. I thought the story was different because of the cultural background. I like the way Jin narrated the story and then suddenly added a twist. The Bridegroom is a very unusual story. The story is based on the authors son-in-law and his adopted daughter. The story starts of with Beina (adopted daughter of the author), who is having a hard time finding a boyfriend (Jin 91). Then, all of a sudden a guy by the name of Huang asks her to marry him (Jin 91). Later in the story, Huang gets arrested for the crime of homosexuality (Jin 95). Huangs father in law decides to put him in a mental hospital with the hope of curing him but it turns out that he can never be cured. Jin describes Huang as very kind and handsome man (92). He also points out that Huang was so handsome that all the girls in the authors factory were jealous of Beina when Huang asked her to marry him (Jin 92). He says that Huang is so handsome that he was surprised when Huang asked his daughter, Bein...

Hate crime Against Arab Americans Research Paper

Hate crime Against Arab Americans - Research Paper Example The increase in hate crime is however slowing down but still higher than the periods before 2001. The major objective of this paper is to outline the nature of hate crimes against Arab Americans that have been witnessed in the U.S. and outline the possible solutions to the problem. This paper has also outlined the rooted discrimination against the Arab Americans in the job market. As reported in this paper, the government agencies such as FBI, police, INS and the American airlines have been discriminatory against the Arab Americans. This paper also reports how the private sector has been discriminatory as well as providing unfavorable work conditions to the Arab Americans since the September attack. Hate crimes have not only focused on the Arab Americans but have also been witnessed against their property and their families. As reported in this paper however, the statements by high profile government officials like the president, the clergy, politicians as well as the involvement of the learning institutions is very important in ensuring that hate crimes are reduced in the US. Introduction The September 11, 2001 attack on the world trade center marked the beginning and the rise in the hate crimes mainly towards against the Arab Americans. The September attack which is claimed to have been engineered by the world most terrorist and leader of the Al-Qaida terrorist group Osama Bin laden also saw a number of Muslims being listed as either participated directly or indirectly in the attacks. This has resulted into the development of bad relationship between the government of the United States and the Muslim community. The level of hate crimes that has been reported against the Muslims, Arab Americans and Sikhs rose to five percent in the year 2001 just immediately after the September bomb attack that left property worth millions of dollars destroyed and several people dead. The statistics show that out of the total 9,730 victims of hate crimes, 481 were either of Mu slims, Arab Americans or Sikhs (Leadership conference, 2009). However, the highest victims of the three have been the Arab Americans. At present, statistics have shown that this trend has reduced compared to the year 2001. However, it is important to realize that the levels of hate crimes against the Arab Americans have stood higher than the days before 2001. During the year 2007 and 2008, at approximately 115 hate crimes were reported against the Arabs Americans which is above those that were reported during the year 2000 and the previous years. In 2009, there have been serious deaths committed by assailants against two Arab Americans, Mohammed Al Hadi and another clerk of the Middle East origin (leadership conference, 2009). The perception of the Arab Americans as terrorists has resulted into the increasing hate crimes against the Arab Americans. These are just but few examples that reveal clearly that the law enforcement agencies have either failed in their duties to report these hate crimes or are just reluctant to end the problem that is fueling hatred between the Arab Americans and the other Americans. Hate crimes in United States of America against the Arab Americans is therefore a problem that has to be managed immediately. America is likely to ignite civil war or war between civilians if hate

Five- Year Report for Tesco PLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Five- Year Report for Tesco PLC - Essay Example The revenues declined in the year 2011 to a extend of 14% with respect to the previous year due to hike in prices of the UK market where the core business of the company lies and the 2012 showed stable growth by offsetting the fall in profits in the UK markets by its international business. Tesco plc emerged as a prominent figure in the turn of the 21st century .In the years to come Tesco is continuously striving for its expansion efforts in its core business in UK, retail services, international operations and operations in non food business. Till the period 2004 the company has gone for massive expansion plans. The company’s growth trajectory has been exceptionally been good over the years. Business Model of Tesco Tesco has evolved as an eminent player in the market over the last five years. It is basically because of the expertise it possesses in capital, human and financial area which can be harnessed across different geographical boundaries trough its sound business model . Figure 1: Business model of Tesco (Source: Tesco PLC, 2013, p.25) Tesco PCL’s way of creating and delivering value to its customers and associated group is rather simple but yet very effective. Its core business activities in a nutshell can be summarized as buying, moving and selling of products and services to its customers and also making use of the customer’s perspective to provide better value to its customers. The core activities are explained below. The company constantly interacts with its customers through focus groups, ongoing research trackers and social networking sites to take in customer feedback with regards to the pros and cons of its available products. These valuable suggestions from customers are incorporated through adding further value to these products such that the customers can derive greater benefits. It offers to its customers a great range of products and through its broad range of supply chain it makes its products available in UK and Europ e etc with much ease. The company through its vast network of distribution channel and advanced technological system is making the right kind of products available to its customers at the right time. This is achieved through making a proper forecast of customer’s needs through detailed models which takes into consideration of variables like seasonality, weather forecast and the responsiveness of the customers to the promotional efforts. Secondly, its ordering system updates itself on real time basis such that it can quickly replenish its supply stores with the right kind of products at the right time. Whether it is store or online shopping or both Tesco is acknowledged to have delivered greatest shopping experience. Its loyalty schemes, multi-format approach to the stores network ranging from large Extra stores to Metro and Express Convenience stores have made its selling a divine experience for its customers. Due to these core competencies of the company in offering value to its customers it stands out in comparison to its competitor as it market ratings suggest being the first rank holder in UK, first and second position in all markets of Asia except China and

Write about the reasons of the need of geometry who Descartes and Essay

Write about the reasons of the need of geometry who Descartes and Fermat contributed founding it. Also write about if there was a rivalry between them If there was, what caused it - Essay Example A theorem that is not simple to write more pithily in simple language called the four-line theorem. In addition, if two of the fixed lines correspond then the conduit of P is still a conic other than the predicament the three-line predicament is easier. Furthermore, Fermat presented his own resistant of the three-line theorem, as well as in doing so, he completed use of systematic technique determining position in a plane by two systematize presentation that if the coordinates are correlated by equations like 2x + 3y = 5, subsequently, the point lies on a instantly line along with rapidly. He also exerted out the equations of the curves identified as conic segment as well as he was moderately familiar with direct methods in three extents (Newman, pp. 49-54). Additional work of a comparable character by Fermat transmits to the problem of erect a tangent to a curve by means of infinitesimals. Moreover, he established a method of scheme that resolved a problem of locale. In addition, almost significant was his method of maxima and minima as well (Mahoney, pp.

Developmental Paper Essay Example for Free

Developmental Paper Essay bstract The basis of this paper will outline the cognitive and personality development of a young adult female, identified as â€Å"Caroline.† This will be in contrast and comparison to Erikson’s Epigenetic Theory of Personality Development is Intimacy vs. Isolation and Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive development. The paper will address what outside factors influence the developing as well as nursing interventions that will help Caroline obtained optimal functioning for each appropriate developmental level according to Erikson and Piaget. Keywords: developmental, Erikson, Piaget, personality, cognitive, intimacy, isolation, formal operations The Developmental Level: For the purpose of this paper, I will identify the person I am outlining as â€Å"Caroline. † Caroline is a young adult. The developmental level during this stage of Erikson’s Epigenetic Theory of Personality Development is Intimacy vs. Isolation; the virtue being love. A normal adult in this stage will have a strong sense of self and be able to form intimate, close relationships with other individuals. Success in this stage will lead to strong committed relationships (Cherry). Erikson believed that a person must successfully complete one stage in order to complete the next. According to Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive development, Caroline is in the formal operations period. A normal young adult in this stage would manifest adult like thinking, is not limited by own perception or concrete references for ideas, combines various ideas into concepts, develops morality or restraint and cooperation in behavior, uses rules to structure interactions in a socially acceptable way, solves problems mentally and considers alternatives before acting, relates concepts o r constructs not readily evident in external world, increases intellectual ability to include art, science, humanities,  religion, and philosophy, and is increasingly less egocentric. Caroline is in her early adult hood years. A tremendous time for self-discovery, independence, and in some cases, loneliness. Caroline’s personality and cognitive development have blossomed in ways and have been hindered in others. This is due to many factors; biological, social, genetic, situational. The list goes on. One thing is certain, there is always a good reason why individuals do the thing they do. If we as people look beyond others actions and instead look at what causes their actions to manifest, I believe we would be much more accepting and less judgmental as a whole. Throughout this paper I will be discussing ways Caroline compares and contrasts to Piaget and Erikson’s theories, how this impacts her development, and nursing interventions that could help her through these stages. Compare and contrast: After careful observation of Caroline, it does not show evident that she has developed a true sense of self to be able to complete the stage of intimacy with another individual. Even with platonic friendships it seems that when her and an individual start to become close on more of a spiritual and emotional level, she retreats to isolation because she feels that she cannot trust herself or others. According to Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, I see that Caroline is mastering the formal operations period to a certain degree. In many ways Caroline would be a poster child for what an example of someone in the formal operations period would think like, and in other aspects of the period, she does not show to be operating in this period what so ever. Three examples of how Caroline compares to these levels would include the following: 1. When it comes to romantic relationships, Caroline strives for a deep emotional and physical connection with another human being. However, deep down she is unable to fully commit to another because she doesn’t have a clear understanding of who she is. Subconsciously, she gravitates towards men that are not emotionally available. This includes anyone who is in a relationship, is going to move away, or is obviously not interested in giving her a committed relationship. She wants the commitment, but she is used to men in her life not being available so she is drawn towards that because that is what she is used to. At the end of the day, this leaves Caroline frustrated and isolated. The  crisis between intimacy and isolation, according to Erikson, is clear in Caroline’s life. 2. Caroline is extremely cognitively driven, artistic with her words, and philosophical and spiritual with her beliefs. She looks beyond the world that is seen and challenges her way of thinking with the unseen world. She finds happiness through her writings and connections through spiritual conversation. This side of her is a small glimpse of her essence and what her inner being craves; to be emotionally, artistically, and spiritually stimulated. This very much so aligns with Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development. 3. A contrast to the Formal operations period is that she does not seem to solve problems mentally and considering alternatives before acting. Caroline bases a lot of her talk on impulsivity and is emotionally driven when making decisions. Caroline is a â€Å"feel good† kind of gal, and if it feels good in the moment, she will grab it. If it does not feel good, she will alter whatever her situation is to make herself feel good, no matter how bad or good the outcome will leave her. This contrasts with the norm because someone who is successfully mastering this stage would weigh the outcomes before acting, consider the outcomes, and go towards which action would better benefit their being as a whole. Even though Caroline knows something is hurting her, she will continue to repeat this action, hoping for a different outcome. This is mainly in regards to abusive relationships, but can be applied to the work place and friendships with other females. What Impacts Development Three factors that have or are currently affecting Caroline’s stage of development: 1. As I mentioned previously, it is vital for Caroline to develop and true sense of self before she can successfully build intimacy with other individuals. Caroline feels whole with her writings, and spending time with people who truly love her, but she has not fully embraced her inner being. From observation, Caroline has a very low self-esteem. She strives to please others. When others are pleased with her, she is pleased with herself. When others are no pleased with her, she will do what she can to reverse that opinion. She seeks to please others before pleasing herself and that is a clear manifestation of not having a concrete, strong sense of self. 2. Caroline is far away from her family, which live several states away. She stayed in the state she resides because of a romantic  relationship. This romantic relationship has ended. For Caroline, she does not have a firm sense of belonging a t her current location. Being away from loved ones and not having a steady partner can cause an individual to feel isolated and lonely. 3. I am not sure exactly what Caroline’s relationship with her father is or was like, but I would imagine it to be one of low emotional or spiritual connection. Her dad was most likely not a constant in her life and not available to her as a girl in was that she needed, but was not aware of. There is always a good reason why people do the things they do and I would not be taken a back if Caroline was this way with other men in her life because normal to her is not available. Her body, soul, and mind is used to inconsistency and has developed patterns within itself to be drawn to these inconsistencies and behaviors. It has also been shown that engaging in sexual activates with a partner before the proper time, especially before monogamy, can cause much inner turmoil and depression. Sexual activity must be performed in the right context in order for it to be beneficial for the human being. (Carter) Nursing interventions: 1. Before talking to Caroline, if she were my patient and I the nurse, I would first need to assess her physical and mental status. She would need to be fully alert and oriented in order to proceed with the nursing process. I would assess her level of consciousness and willingness to cooperate. I would need to assess her support system, whether it be family, friends, or coworkers. A strong support system is vital to growth and development in any stage of life. 2. In order for Caroline to be eager to listen to what have to offer and cooperate with enhancing her inner self, there would have to be established trust. I would do this by sharing intimate parts of my life and laying the foundation of a healthy, trustworthy relationship. There will be little to no willingness to exchange in such personal matters until trust between us is established. It will also make her much for comfortable to share intimate details of her life with me. 3. I would provide Caroline with therapeutic communic ation. This would include appropriate touch as much as she is comfortable with, paraphrasing, asking open ended questions that encourage communication, maintaining eye contact when appropriate, and not pushing situations when she does not feel at ease. These actions will hopefully cause Caroline to feel more comfortable to share thoughts,  feelings, and encouragement to implement action to better her inner self. 4. In order to master the stage of isolation, Caroline needs to be confident in herself and cater to her inner self. She needs to participate in activities that benefit her in a healthy way and bring healing to where she feels broken. I would encourage her to write in her journal for at least thirty min before she goes to bed. 5. I would encourage her to do simple things to increase healthy living. This would include waking up early, going to bed at a decent hour, getting adequate exercise, eating a diet high in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, and drinking plenty of water. I would encourage her to avoid alcohol and any other mind altering substances that cause her behavior to be irrational. Addressing the underlying cause of irrational behavior can be much more effective then addressing the irrational behavior as it self. 6. Because Caroline reaches for wholeness in sources that leave her feeling empty, I would ask Caroline to put herself first when she is seeking attention from empty sources. I would have her sit with herself and her emotions and work through them without desperately reaching out to things that cannot fulfill her. In order to be happy with someone else, it is vital that she become happy with herself. 7. Caroline loves to read and with this passion for books I would strongly suggest investing in self-help books that will mentally stimulate her to building a strong, happy inner self. There are so many self-help books that caters to every type of inner self difficulty and roads to self-discovery. Sometimes simply finding a book that speaks directly to your soul can bring some of the most healing and freedom. If Caroline were to follow these nursing interventions and invest whole heartedly to developing a strong inner being, I believe she would begin to see amazing results within a weeks’ time. Of course it would be a journey. Self-reflection is not always easy and can be hard, but in the end it is extremely rewarding. Coming face to face with our inner demons and conquering them is one of the best things you can do for yourself, future partner, and future children. In order to have healthy relationship you must be a healthy person and if Caroline wants to be healthy, she will be. References: Cherry, Kendra. Intimacy Versus Isolation Stage Six of Psychosocial Development. About.com Psychology. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2014. Carter, Don. Intimacy Skills and Human Development Stages. Intimacy Skills and Human Development Stages. Internet of the Mind, n.d. Web. 03 June 2014.

Interview with a Midwife Essay -- Interview Essays

â€Å"All over the world there exists in every society a small group of women who feel themselves strongly attracted to give care to other women during pregnancy and childbirth. Failure to make use of this group of highly motivated people is regrettable and a sin against the principle of subsidiarity.† Dr. Kloosterman, OB/GYN from Holland Chances are that terms such as â€Å"midwife† and â€Å"home birth† conjure up for you old-fashioned images of childbirth. These words may bring to mind scenes from old movies, but you’re not likely to associate them with the modern image of childbirth. Do you know anyone who has had a midwife-assisted birth or a home birth? Would you consider one? The version of childbirth that we’re used to is propagated by television and movies. A woman, huge with child, is rushed to the hospital when her water breaks. She is ushered into a delivery room and her husband hovers helplessly as nurses hook her up to IVs and monitors. The woman writhes in pain and demands relief from the painful contractions. Narcotic drugs are administered through her IV to dull the pain, or an epidural is inserted into the woman’s spine so that she cannot feel anything below her waist. When the baby is ready to be born, the doctor arrives dressed in surgical garb. The husband, nurses and doctor become a cheerleading squad, urging the woman to, â€Å"Push!† Moments later, a pink, screaming newborn is lifted up for the world to see. Variations on this theme include the cesarean section, where the woman is wheeled to the operating room where her doctors remove the baby through an incision in her abdomen. For one woman, this vision of childbirth is not the norm. Ana Rhodes is a midwife, and she is one of the only birth attendants available to... ...ucky has very limited choices. I remember something that Ana said during our interview: â€Å"My biggest influences are my repeat moms. They encourage me and love me as a good friend, and I know they will support me and have my back no matter what.† It strikes me that the relationship Ana develops with her clients is genuine and long-lasting. From the first meeting to the day your baby is born, Ana is with you every step of your pregnancy, which lies in stark contrast to the revolving door of doctors, nurse practitioners and residents you might encounter during a medically managed pregnancy and childbirth. The service that Ana provides to this community is selfless and driven by a passion for helping women. My hope is that midwifery will be recognized in Kentucky as the untapped resource that it is, and that hidden treasures such as Ana will have their chance to shine. Interview with a Midwife Essay -- Interview Essays â€Å"All over the world there exists in every society a small group of women who feel themselves strongly attracted to give care to other women during pregnancy and childbirth. Failure to make use of this group of highly motivated people is regrettable and a sin against the principle of subsidiarity.† Dr. Kloosterman, OB/GYN from Holland Chances are that terms such as â€Å"midwife† and â€Å"home birth† conjure up for you old-fashioned images of childbirth. These words may bring to mind scenes from old movies, but you’re not likely to associate them with the modern image of childbirth. Do you know anyone who has had a midwife-assisted birth or a home birth? Would you consider one? The version of childbirth that we’re used to is propagated by television and movies. A woman, huge with child, is rushed to the hospital when her water breaks. She is ushered into a delivery room and her husband hovers helplessly as nurses hook her up to IVs and monitors. The woman writhes in pain and demands relief from the painful contractions. Narcotic drugs are administered through her IV to dull the pain, or an epidural is inserted into the woman’s spine so that she cannot feel anything below her waist. When the baby is ready to be born, the doctor arrives dressed in surgical garb. The husband, nurses and doctor become a cheerleading squad, urging the woman to, â€Å"Push!† Moments later, a pink, screaming newborn is lifted up for the world to see. Variations on this theme include the cesarean section, where the woman is wheeled to the operating room where her doctors remove the baby through an incision in her abdomen. For one woman, this vision of childbirth is not the norm. Ana Rhodes is a midwife, and she is one of the only birth attendants available to... ...ucky has very limited choices. I remember something that Ana said during our interview: â€Å"My biggest influences are my repeat moms. They encourage me and love me as a good friend, and I know they will support me and have my back no matter what.† It strikes me that the relationship Ana develops with her clients is genuine and long-lasting. From the first meeting to the day your baby is born, Ana is with you every step of your pregnancy, which lies in stark contrast to the revolving door of doctors, nurse practitioners and residents you might encounter during a medically managed pregnancy and childbirth. The service that Ana provides to this community is selfless and driven by a passion for helping women. My hope is that midwifery will be recognized in Kentucky as the untapped resource that it is, and that hidden treasures such as Ana will have their chance to shine.